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فیلمنامه‌نویس باید درباره داستان فیلم از خود سوال بپرسد

به گزارش خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین از روابط عمومی موزه سینمای ایران، کارگاه «از سجاده آتش تا کارو با احمد مرادپور» همزمان با هفته دفاع مقدس سه‌شنبه (چهارم مهرماه) با حضور علاقه‌مندان سینما و اعضای باشگاه مخاطبان موزه سینما به مدت سه ساعت در این موزه برگزار شد.

احمد مرادپور در ابتدا درباره ایده‌یابی و تبدیل آن به فیلمنامه اظهارداشت: وقتی در سینما صحبت از ایده می‌شود به معنای خلاصه و فشرده داستانی است که می‌خواهیم نقل کنیم؛ مثل زمانی که برای یک فیلم خلاصه یک خطی می‌نویسیم. مانند خلاصه فیلم سینمایی پدرخوانده؛ «جوان‌ترین پسر خانواده مافیایی برای انتقام از قاتلان پدرش دست به حرکتی می‌زند و خودش تبدیل به پدرخوانده می‌شود.»

وی گفت: تعیین ایده یک خطی فیلم نیاز به مهارت خاصی دارد و معمولا زیر ۲۰ کلمه است و بعد از آن ایده وارد مراحل دیگر مانند سکانس و واحدهای نمایشی بزرگ‌تر شده و در انتها تبدیل به فیلمنامه سینمایی می‌شود. نکته قابل توجه این است که در هر ایده‌ای که به ذهن می‌رسد معنا و مفهومی نهفته است. همیشه کار ایده این است که شکل و فرم خط داستانی را معرفی می‌کند و ما را به سمت مسیری که مسیر داستان است جلو می‌برد.

این کارگردان با بیان اینکه مفهوم، مرحله بعد از ایده‌یابی است، افزود: مفهوم در ایده نهفته است و اگر در داستان خود را عیان کند خوب است در غیر این صورت پیدا کردن مفهوم و آوردن آن در فیلم غیرممکن است و اگر داستان در مسیر مفهوم قرار نگیرد نمی‌توان نام آن را داستان گذاشت. داستان با معنا و مفهوم به تکامل می‌رسد و ارزش بیشتری پیدا می‌کند؛ به همین دلیل است که بعضی از داستان‌ها تاثیرات عمیقی در زندگی ما می‌گذارند.

مرادپور با اشاره به تکنیک‌های ایده‌یابی برای داستان بیان کرد: ممکن است در داستان درباره مفهومی صحبت کنید که در جامعه‌ای هنجار نباشد اما در جامعه دیگر ارزش باشد مهم این است که وقتی داستانی را پرورش می‌دهید بتوانید آن را به سرانجام برسانید. این‌ها مواردی هستند که در داستان باید به آن توجه کرد. گاهی به‌ خاطر بی‌توجهی به این موارد با وجود حضور بازیگر حرفه‌ای و چهره، فیلم مخاطب را جذب نمی‌کند در حالی که اگر قدم اول استوار برداشته شود قطعا نتایج درخشانی به دنیال خواهد داشت.

کارگردان فیلم سینمایی «رنجر» در پاسخ به این سوال که چگونه می‌توان ایده‌یابی کرد؟، اظهارداشت: یکی از راه‌های پیدا کردن ایده دقت به زندگی خود و اطرافیان است. گاهی ایده در زندگی روزمره ماست و گاهی حتی رویاها و آرزوها می‌تواند ایده باشد. رویدادهای جامعه بشری، تاریخ، حال، آینده و تجربیات همگی می‌تواند ایده باشد اما تا وقتی آن رویدادها و منابعی که دسترسی داریم تبدیل به داستان نشوند، فایده ندارد.

وی با بیان اینکه هر ایده‌ای قابلیت تبدیل به داستان شدن را ندارد، افزود: به عنوان مثال، فیلم کوتاه زمانی باید تمام شود که مفهوم را بیان کرده باشد؛ در واقع معنای داستان زمانی کامل می‌شود که مفهوم اصلی بیان می‌شود. داستان‌های ایرانی بهترین انتخاب برای فیلم کوتاه هستند. در فیلم زمانی که مفهوم اصلی تکمیل شد دیگر نباید آن را ادامه داد زیرا مخاطب را پس می‌زند. داستان زمانی تمام می‌شود که هر آنچه در ابتدای فیلم درنظر گرفته شده بود محقق شود.

مرادپور بیان کرد: یکی دیگر از راه‌های ایده‌یابی، تبدیل کردن ایده به سوال است؛ این کار کلیدی طلایی برای ایده‌یابی است. فیلمنامه نویس به جای داستان گفتن راجع به هر موضوعی بهتر است درباره آن از خود سوال بپرسد، این موضوعی است که من در اثر تجربه‌هایم به آن رسیده‌ام و بسیار کاربردی است زیرا در این صورت ابعاد آن موضوع برایتان بیشتر آشکار می‌شود.

فیلمنامه‌نویس باید درباره داستان فیلم از خود سوال بپرسد

این کارگردان و تدوینگر اظهارداشت: البته مهم این است که در سوال کردن نباید ارزش‌گذاری کنیم فقط کافی است درباره آن ایده از خود سوال کنیم تا دریچه‌های زیادی برایمان باز شود. همچنین می‌توانیم برای آن موضوع، داستان طراحی کنیم تا تماشاگر به نتیجه برسد که آیا آن موضوع مناسب است و یا مناسب نیست.

وی خاطرنشان کرد: مثلا برای پدرخوانده می‌توانیم از خود بپرسیم «چه می‌شد اگر جوان‌ترین فرد خانواده تبدیل به پدرخوانده می‌شد» گاهی ایده بخاطر اینکه موقعیت متعارف را بر هم می‌زند و تضاد ایجاد می‌کند جذابیت فیلم را بیشتر می‌کند. مثلا می‌توانیم از خود بپرسیم «چه می‌شود که فردی بی‌گناه دستگیر شود و حکم اعدام بگیرد؟»

مرادپور گفت: در مورد «سجاده آتش» می‌توانیم این سوال را بپرسیم که «چه می‌شد اگر فرمانده یک گردان در ابتدای جنگ کشته و از رزم خارج می‌شد و پسری جوان و بی‌تجربه به عنوان فرمانده انتخاب می‌شد؟» تبدیل کردن ایده به سوال، همان پیدا کردن خط داستانی است. این روش سوال کردن در بسیاری از موارد که ذهن به بن‌بست رسیده، می‌تواند کارگشا باشد؛ در این صورت موضوعاتی پیدا می‌کنید که باید تبدیل به داستان شود.

وی درباره اینکه چگونه ایده تبدیل به داستان شود، بیان کرد: «داستان» متشکل از یک شخصیت و یک ماجراست؛ این دو اصل حداقل مواردی است که برای داستان به آن نیاز دارید. داستان در دل سوال نهفته است. باید بتوانیم ابتدا یک داستان بگوییم و مرحله بعد این است که چگونه آن داستان را جذاب کنیم.

این کارگردان افزود: زمانی که در فیلم شاهد حضور راوی هستید بدین معنی است که شما در حال دیدن یک داستان هستید. در فیلم های داستانی معمولا تماشاگر خود را جای شخصیت می‌گذارد و نیازی نیست با حضور راوی دائم به او یادآوری کنید که داستان را تماشا ‌کنید ضمن اینکه فیلم داستانی در اکثر موارد احتیاج به راوی ندارد زیرا مخاطب با آن همذات‌پنداری می‌کند. به نظر من داستان باید آنقدر جذاب باشد که تماشاگر خودش با او همراه شود.

مرادپور درباره استفاده از راوی در فیلم‌های مستند، گفت: در مستند به دلیل اینکه شکل روایت‌گری رابطه علت و معلولی ندارند می‌توانید از راوی استفاده کنید اما در فیلم هر چه تعریف می‌کنید باید موضوعیت خود را از قبل گرفته باشد.

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